Research
Every card opens a reader page in this encyclopedia. From there: the original publisher, and a local PDF when we hold one (whitepaper, ACM DLT paper, Belchior’s CSUR survey, Riley’s 2021 options note).
47 documents. Click the card.
Primary
UCL Discovery · 2018 · Gilbert Verdian, Paolo Tasca, Colin Paterson, Gaetano Mondelli
The original gateway-OS argument: applications should not be trapped on a single ledger. Historical document, not a product spec.
Open this paper →
Primary
Quant · 2018
Treasury and network-design note from the whitepaper era. Not evidence of a live token economy.
Open this paper →
Primary
ACM Distributed Ledger Technologies · 2023 · Rafael Belchior, Luke Riley, Thomas Hardjono, André Vasconcelos, Miguel Correia
The academic paper behind Overledger’s taxonomy. Modes (data transfer, asset transfer, asset exchange) × infrastructure (nodes, proxies, gateways). Quant’s product claim sits in the gateway cell.
Open this paper →
Survey
ACM Computing Surveys · 2021 · Rafael Belchior, André Vasconcelos, Sérgio Guerreiro, Miguel Correia
The canonical literature review (284 papers + grey literature). Public connectors, blockchain engines, hybrid connectors. Context for SATP and Cacti, not a Quant SKU.
Open this paper →
Survey
IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy · 2024 · André Augusto, Rafael Belchior, Miguel Correia, André Vasconcelos, Luyao Zhang, Thomas Hardjono
Systematisation of knowledge on what actually breaks when two ledgers talk. The security case for a standard gateway protocol rather than a zoo of bridges.
Open this paper →
Survey
MIT DSpace / CACM adjacency · 2024 · Rafael Belchior, Thomas Hardjono
Why interoperability is needed and what a decade of attempts actually produced. Academic corridor (Lisbon–Boston), not a product brochure.
Open this paper →
Primary
Quant research · 2021 · Luke Riley
WEF-shaped categories compared on resilience, decentralisation and UX. Riley’s conclusion: API gateway, and Overledger as the instance Quant ships.
Open this paper →
Book
Springer · 2022 · Paolo Tasca (ed.), Horst Treiblmaier (ed.)
How blockchain connects global businesses. The philosophical library behind ‘network of networks’.
Open this paper →
Book
Springer · 2016 · Paolo Tasca, Tomaso Aste, Loriana Pelizzon, Nicolas Perony
What happens when money leaves the branch. Pre-Overledger academic context.
Open this paper →
Primary
Frontiers in Blockchain · 2020 · Paolo Tasca
Opinion essay: a value layer on the internet is coming; governance risk is the price of admission.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant · 2026 · Luke Riley
Overledger workflows that the same human UI, HTTP client or MCP-compatible agent can call.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant · 2026 · Gilbert Verdian
Wholesale CBDC, tokenised deposits, public-chain stablecoins — plus a horizontal interoperability layer. Quant’s published map of the future of money, not a central-bank paper.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF SATP working group · ongoing · Martin Hargreaves, Thomas Hardjono, Rafael Belchior, Venkatraman Ramakrishna, Alexandru Chiriac
Standards-track draft. Gateway-to-gateway asset transfer. Not a Quant SKU.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF SATP working group · ongoing · Thomas Hardjono, Martin Hargreaves, Ned Smith, Venkatraman Ramakrishna
Architecture companion to SATP core.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · 2020 · Martin Hargreaves, Thomas Hardjono
The 2020 precursor that became SATP. Same gateway-to-gateway shape; different name. Read this to see the lineage.
Open this paper →
Primary
TechRxiv · 2025 · Kjell-Erik Marstein, Paulina Davita, Luke Riley
UCL master’s work supervised by Riley: how SATP’s transfer machine can be adapted for exchange, not only transfer. Academic adjacency, not a product spec.
Open this paper →
Standards
ISO/TC 307 (project 82098) · 2026
Framework for interoperability between DLT systems and entities outside them. Verdian convened WG7; the standard is ISO’s, not a product.
Open this paper →
Standards
ISO · 2016–
The committee Verdian proposed in 2015. Landscape for every interoperability conversation on this map.
Open this paper →
Patent
USPTO · 2023 · Gilbert Verdian, Colin Paterson, Gaetano Mondelli, Paolo Tasca
Granted method for chronologically ordering transactions from different blockchains. Assigned to Quant Network Ltd.
Open this paper →
Patent
USPTO · 2020
Application that became US11842335B2. Useful for the claim set as originally published.
Open this paper →
Patent
Quant / JPO · 2026
Quant’s note on Japanese acceptance covering updates across two or more ledgers — the Fusion rollup claim.
Open this paper →
Patent
USPTO · 2018–2019 · Martin Hargreaves
Two Vocalink-era filings Quant’s people page cites: data-processing / merchant-mandate review, and international ACH with addressing. Payments rails before DLT.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant press · 2025
26 September 2025. UK Finance and six banks select Quant to provide GBTD infrastructure. Overledger + PayScript. Not a CBDC.
Open this paper →
Note
UK Finance · 2025
Primary official-sector announcement. Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds, NatWest, Nationwide, Santander; Quant, EY, Linklaters supporting.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant news · 16 June 2023 · 2023
Concluded experiment. Quant says it was on the vendor team with UST: Overledger infrastructure and CBDC-ledger interoperability; UST built the frontend API layer. BIS is explicit: not BoE policy, not a launch.
Open this paper →
Note
BIS Innovation Hub London · 2023
Primary official-sector page. Retail-CBDC API experiment run with the Bank of England. Treat as concluded lab work, not a standing Quant–BIS programme in Basel.
Open this paper →
Note
Oracle blogs · 2025
Oracle names Quant Overledger as the orchestration layer for cross-ledger unified-ledger workflows. Hyperledger Fabric underneath.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant · 2026
Quant joins the Linux Foundation x402 Foundation. Fusion Layer 2.5 claimed x402-ready. Agents settling in tokenised bank money is the thesis, not a live CBDC.
Open this paper →
Note
Quant press · 2026
Industry experimentation in a simulated RT2 environment. Quant’s own note says this is not BoE endorsement, policy or a live deployment.
Open this paper →
Note
Murex / Quant · 2026
25 March 2026. Overledger lets MX.3 talk to multiple ledgers for tokenised deposits and digital bonds.
Open this paper →
Survey
Deloitte Insights · 2024
Landscape survey on tokenised deposits and wholesale payments.
Open this paper →
Note
Bank of England adjacency · n.d.
RTGS / research thread. Distinct from the 2026 Synchronisation Lab note.
Open this paper →
Note
Source pack · 2019
Public-source pack used to keep the People chapter honest.
Open this paper →
Note
Linux Foundation / Hyperledger webinar · 2021 · Luke Riley
Riley’s 2021 public walkthrough of the same taxonomy as the Quant research note, hosted by Hyperledger.
Open this paper →
Primary
Foundations and Trends in Microeconomics · 2021 · Amrita Dhillon, Grammateia Kotsialou, Peter McBurney, Luke Riley
Riley’s King’s College years: what a ledger can and cannot do for elections. Pre-Quant academic work, not an Overledger feature.
Open this paper →
Primary
AAMAS · 2018 · Grammateia Kotsialou, Luke Riley, Amrita Dhillon, Toktam Mahmoodi, Peter McBurney
AAMAS paper from the KCL voting-and-governance lab. How a permissioned ledger can record shareholder rights — adjacency to programmable assets, not a Quant product.
Open this paper →
Primary
arXiv · 2018 · Thomas Hardjono, Alexander Lipton, Alex Pentland
MIT Connection Science: interoperability as a design philosophy, not a bridge. Same year as the Overledger whitepaper; same problem, different room.
Open this paper →
Primary
IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · 2019 · Thomas Hardjono, Alexander Lipton, Alex Pentland
IEEE TEMS special issue. The architecture paper SATP’s gateway model sits next to. MIT, not Quant.
Open this paper →
Primary
arXiv · 2021 · Thomas Hardjono
Why a gateway is not a bridge. The vocabulary SATP later standardises.
Open this paper →
Primary
Future Generation Computer Systems · 2022 · Rafael Belchior, André Vasconcelos, Miguel Correia, Thomas Hardjono
Academic middleware paper. Cousin to Cacti and SATP, not a Quant SKU.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · ongoing · Rafael Belchior
How a SATP gateway resumes a transfer after a crash. Individual draft, not a Quant product.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · ongoing · Venkatraman Ramakrishna, Vinayaka Pandit
IBM Research SATP adjacency: how two networks share a view of state. Complements core transfer.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · 2022 · Venkatraman Ramakrishna
Why anyone would run SATP: the use-case draft from IBM Research.
Open this paper →
Standards
Linux Foundation · 2019–
LF Decentralized Trust’s enterprise interoperability project. Belchior maintains it; IBM has implemented SATP-shaped flows in it. Open-source neighbour of Overledger, not a Quant SKU.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · ongoing
How a SATP gateway actually locks, burns, mints and commits on the networks it represents. Methodology for implementers, not a Quant SKU.
Open this paper →
Standards
IETF individual draft · 2025 · Kjell-Erik Marstein
Lock-and-assign instead of burn-and-mint: SATP’s cousin for exchange rather than transfer. Same gateway pair, different object.
Open this paper →
Primary
arXiv 2501.09674 · ICML 2025 position · 2025 · Tobin South, Samuele Marro, Thomas Hardjono, Robert Mahari, Cedric Deslandes Whitney, Dazza Greenwood, Alan Chan, Alex Pentland
arXiv 16 Jan 2025; ICML 2025 position published as ‘AI Agents Need Authenticated Delegation’ (PMLR v267). Extends OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect with agent-specific credentials; natural-language permissions become auditable access control. The ethics constraint next to Flow/MCP and x402. MIT Connection Science / Media Lab, not a Quant product. Dazza Greenwood is on the arXiv author list; the ICML version drops that name.
Open this paper →
Did you know
Research
Did you know Overledger’s category has an ACM paper attached?
Belchior, Riley, Hardjono, Vasconcelos and Correia, 2023, ACM Distributed Ledger Technologies: ‘Do You Need a Distributed Ledger Technology Interoperability Solution?’ Modes (data, asset transfer, asset exchange) × infrastructure (nodes, proxies, gateways). Quant’s product claim sits in the gateway cell. Read that before the homepage.
Open the ACM paper →Research
Did you know SATP was called ODAP in 2020?
Hargreaves and Hardjono’s Open Digital Asset Protocol is the same gateway-to-gateway shape under a different name. Read the 2020 individual draft to see the lineage; read SATP core and architecture for the work item the IETF is actually standardising. The name changed. The pair of gateways did not.
Open ODAP →Research
Did you know 2018 produced two interoperability philosophies in the same year?
Verdian, Tasca, Paterson and Mondelli published the Overledger whitepaper via UCL Discovery: applications should not be trapped on a single ledger. Hardjono, Lipton and Pentland published ‘Towards a Design Philosophy for Interoperable Blockchain Systems’ at MIT. Same problem, different rooms. SATP later sits in the corridor between them.
Open the MIT paper →Research
Did you know the canonical interoperability survey covered 284 papers?
Belchior, Vasconcelos, Guerreiro and Correia, ACM Computing Surveys 2021: public connectors, blockchain engines, hybrid connectors. SATP and Hyperledger Cacti sit in that literature. It is context for Overledger’s gateway cell — not a Quant SKU, and not a product spec.
Open the survey →